摘要:The generating plane inclination angle has a great influence on the meshing performance of the plane enveloping internal meshing worm drive,and it has a decisive role in determining the optimal parameters of the plane enveloping internal meshing worm transmission. Based on the principle of gear meshing,the worm tooth surface contact and the induced curvature equation are constructed,by using the numerical calculation method and the Hertz contact stress calculation model,the influence of worm wheel tooth number and center distance change on the plane enveloping internal meshing worm drive under the condition of the single head plane enveloping internal meshing worm drive is analyzed. The study demonstrates that the meshing performance of the plane enveloping internal meshing worm when the generating plane inclination angle is in the range of 18°to 36° is better than that of other angles. The research results lay the theoretical foundation for the follow-up study of the plane enveloping internal meshing worm gearing drive.
摘要:A kind of eccentricity combined modification method of cycloid gear profile is proposed for solving the problem of the common combination modification method could not simultaneously satisfy the requirements of high bearing capacity and low rotation error. Firstly,based on the precision measurement of the cycloid gear of the RV-40 E reducer with the three-coordinate measuring instrument,the equation of cycloid gear profile is derived by using the method of least square to fit the parameters of the measured cycloid gear tooth profile. And then,by using the optimization function in Matlab,taking the obtained equation curve as the target tooth profile to optimize the cycloid gear profile formed by the three kinds of modification methods that are the combination methods of "eccentricity + isometric + shift","isometric + shift"and "isometric + shift + rotation". Through the comparative analysis,the results indicate that the deviation between the curve obtained by the combined modification of "isometric + shift + eccentricity"and the fitting curve is smaller,compared to the combined modification method of "rotation + isometric + shift"and "isometric + shift",which illustrates the feasibility of the combined modification method of "eccentricity + isometric + shift".
关键词:Cycloid gear profile modification;RV transmission;Arc fitting;Optimization of modification quantity
摘要:Based on generating method machining pinion of hypoid gear,according to the cutting coordinate system of milling cutter and tooth surface equation,the mathematical model of machining pinion of hypoid gear is established,the theoretical tooth surface equation of pinion. The theoretical tooth surface is dispersed,the coordinates of the discrete points are solved,the tooth surface points are imported into UG and the modeling of tooth surface is carried out. According to the anti-conjugate principle,the tooth surface equation and tooth surface points of tool gear that fully conjugated with pinion are solved and three dimensional modeling is carried out. The motion simulation of three dimensional model is carried out,through the contact area to verify the correctness of modeling. According to the principle of equal volume,the rolling round billet is solved. Introduced the rolling models into DEFORM to carry out numerical simulation. The feasibility of the processing technology is verified by the simulation result,and theoretical guidance for the follow-up experiment is provided.
摘要:The elastohydrodynamic lubrication geometric model of water-lubricated hybrid ceramic journal bearing is established. The numerical simulation of water-lubricated hybrid ceramic bearings considering its thermal effect is carried out by using the Reynolds equation with thermal effect. The effects of supply water pressure on film pressure,film thickness of water-lubricated hybrid ceramics bearing under different working conditions are studied. The region where the local maximum temperature of lubricating film appeared under different working conditions is analyzed. The synergistic effect curve of velocity and load on temperature control of lubricating film of water-lubricated hybrid ceramic bearing is obtained. Results show that the static pressure effect of the initial water supply pressure is favorable to the bearing lubrication,the initial water supply pressure increases,the film thickness of the lubricating film increases,and the pressure change tendency under different working conditions is different. The local maximum temperature of the lubricating film changes under different operating conditions. When the local maximum temperature of the lubricating film is kept at a constant value,the combination of velocity and load has an inverse synergistic effect on the local temperature control of the lubricating film,and the variation trend of the velocity and load is different under different conditions.
摘要:When the nozzle is decorated without offset and incline,gears with transmission ratios above 1 won’t be efficiently lubricated. In order to solve this problem,analytic method is adopted to establish mathematical model,basing on the geometric relationship between running gears and the jet flow. The mathematical model is used to calculate the impingement depth on aviation spur gears lubricated on the disengaging side. The correctness of the mathematical model is verified by simulation. The effects of gear parameters,transmission parameters and nozzle position on impingement depth of spur gear are analyzed. The results show that,the impingement depth decreases with the increasing of teeth number and rotating speed,while it increases with the increasing of jet velocity. The impingement depth on pinion is negatively correlated with that on gear as the change of jet flow offset and inclination angle. The research results provide theoretical bases for oil lubrication design.
摘要:The belt skew caused by manufacturing and assembly tolerance frequently occurs in engineering practice. To research the characteristics of the belt skew,a finite element simulation method for the belt skew process based on ABAQUS is put forward. According to actual working conditions,focusing on the key technologies in the simulation,such as grid partition,the contact and friction models between the belt and the wheels,boundary conditions loading,and analysis of step division and setting. A specific post processing method which extracts the belt skew displacement in a fixed Eulerian coordinates is put forward. A belt skew experimental device is designed and the belt skew displacements are recorded when the steering wheel respectively had a deflecting angle of 0. 25° and 0. 5°. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results,and the effectiveness of the proposed simulation method is proved.
摘要:In order to realize the comprehensive digging performance evaluation of hydraulic excavator,a research method based on the dimension variation factors of the working device is proposed. Using the digging range and digging force as the research objects,and considering the arm digging and the bucket digging in the digging operations. The working device size of excavator with similar weight are selected,and the comprehensive performance analysis is carried out under factors of boom,arm and bucket. According to the simulation software,the envelope diagram is drawn. The digging working dimensions and digging forces of each oil cylinder are obtained. Taking a excavator with similar tonnage as an example,the influence of each size of the working device on the digging performance is verified. The research results show that coordinate system transformation method is used to establish the coordinate system and calculate the digging envelope,and the tendency of the working dimensions of the simulation in each group is consistent with the theory. A digging force calculation model is built to compare each group digging force tendency. In the arm digging,with the change of the arm size,the change rate of maximum digging force of arm is 10. 3%. In the bucket digging,with the change of the bucket size,the change rate of maximum digging force of bucket is 11. 8%. The comprehensive digging performance analysis method for the design of the working device has important significance.
摘要:Taking the planetary transmission system of hub motor as the research object,the kinematic differential equations of the system are established by considering the influence factors of time-varying mesh stiffness,meshing phase and equivalent mesh error,and the Runge-Kutta method is used to get the system transmission error. Based on the transmission error curve,the influence of various error and support stiffness on the system transmission error amplitude is analyzed,and the initial phase of the error is optimized. The results show that the magnitude of the error value is proportional to the amplitude of the system transmission error,the change of the initial phase of the error could reduce the transmission error amplitude without changing the component accuracy,the magnitude of the support stiffness is inversely proportional to the amplitude of the system transmission error. The research work has provided guidance for the design of the planetary transmission system,which reduces the manufacturing difficulty and the installation cost.
摘要:Based on the analysis of transmission mechanism of rod-gear type Pulse Continuously Variable Transmission( P-CVT),the closed vector equations of equivalent plane six-bar mechanism is built,and the kinematic mathematical model of angular displacement,angular velocity and angular acceleration of connecting rod,rocker and meshing point to input shaft axis of single phase transmission mechanism is constructed by the matrix method. At last,by using software Matlab,the simulation analysis of the effects of speed-adjusted style,phase number and eccentricity on the speed-variation characteristics,the main speed regulating mode and the optimal phase number are the determined,the advantages of large variable speed ratio range and small pulsation rate the transmission mechanism are proved. The reference for improving the design theory and engineering implementation of the transmission is provided.
摘要:Aiming at the thermal fatigue problem of off-road vehicles under continuous braking,a three-dimensional transient thermal-mechanical coupling analysis model of wet brake is established,the influence of thermal boundary on the temperature rise are considered,such as heat flux,heat flux distribution coefficient and convective heat transfer coefficient. By using finite element analysis software ANSYS,the changing situation of wet brake disc of off-road vehicles in the continuous braking process is simulated,the distribution of disc temperature field and stress field are obtained. The results show that the temperature distribution in the middle of the contact interface radius is uneven,which is easy to produce thermal fatigue. The stress concentration is obvious in the place where the temperature gradient is large. The analysis result is consistent with the actual situation,which provides the theoretical basis for the design of wet brake.
关键词:Wet brake;Thermal fatigue;Continuous braking;Thermal-mechanical coupling;Transient temperature rise;Stress
摘要:Based on the space curve meshing theory,the transmission mechanism of parallel shaft line gear is studied. Taking the spiral line as the center line,the surface equation is studied as the cross section is circle,and the driving surface is constructed according to the equation. The driven surface is constructed according to the driven center line and the same circular section of the driving surface. The forward and reverse contact lines on the driving surface are analyzed,and the contact line of the driven gear is obtained according to the space curve meshing equation. The forward and reverse contact line should meet the driven surface which is constructed by the construction method as the driving surface is constructed. The method by increasing the number of teeth to improve its coincidence degree to increase transmission stability is studied. The kinematics simulation experiment is carried out by the established 3 D line gear model. The results show the parallel shaft circular section line gear constructed by this method can be assembled without normal gap,and there is no interference during the transmission process and it can meet the designed transmission ratio.
关键词:Parallel shaft line gear;Space curve meshing theory;Normal gap
摘要:According to the characteristics of shoulder joint,a decoupling parallel bionic shoulder joint driven by pneumatic muscle actuators( PMAs) is presented. Based on screw theory,the freedoms of 3-DOF parallel mechanism are analyzed. The kinematics model of parallel mechanism is established because of its simple reverse solution. Besides,its dynamics model is also established based on Lagrange method. In simulation control,computed torque method can better control motion of parallel mechanism,which verifies the correctness of the dynamic model at the same time.
摘要:The precision platform is a kind of high precision working platform which can provide the micrometer displacement. In precision platform design,flexible hinge structure is widely used as mechanism of transmission. The flexible hinge plays the key role in determining the performance of the platform,the structure shape and size parameters of the flexible hinge affect the positioning accuracy. A novel flexible hinge structure constructed by superimposed branched chain is described,and the working stiffness,coupling stiffness,coupling coefficient as well as hinge stress performance of the platform based on this flexible hinge are calculated.In order to testify the accuracy of the results,finite element analysis software is utilized to cross validation. At last,it is showed that both the calculation and the simulation results have good consistency,which provides a reference for the design of flexure hinge used in precision platform.
关键词:Flexure hinge;Superimposed branched chain;Stiffness;Coupling property;Stress;Finite element analysis
摘要:In order to increase the reliability and efficiency of the dynamics modeling and analysis for complex planar multi-body systems containing grooved sheave,the corresponding vector bond graph procedure is proposed. From the kinematic constraint condition,the vector bond graph model of point-linear follower is built,which is suitable for inner and external grooved sheave. Based on this,the procedure to mode planar multi-body systems with grooved sheave by vector bond graph is made. For the algebraic difficulties brought by differential causality and nonlinear junction structure in dynamics modeling of the planar multi-body systems,the effective decoupling method is proposed. By using the corresponding algorithm,the computer automatic modeling and dynamics analysis of the planar multi-body system containing grooved sheave on a computer is realized,its validity is illustrated.
关键词:Grooved sheave;Planar multi-body system;Dynamics modeling;Vector bond graph;Causality;Decoupling
摘要:According to the design requirements and characters of mining truck,an optimum mathematical model of transmission is set up to maximize actual power under the precondition of reliability. The transmission of mining truck is optimized by using optimization toolbox of MATLAB. With the visual display of the optimum results,several performance indexes such as the driving force,stand-by power and actual power are compared with the original design and among the optimum model,thus can provide an alternative option. Compared with original design,a good optimization effect is obtained from the optimum model of transmission.
摘要:The selection and parameter of external tooth crowning curve have important influence on the meshing characteristic of the crown gear coupling,which determines the maximum allowable inter-axial angle and meshing performance of the crown gear coupling. The four types of crowning curves of circular,elliptic,hyperbolic and three-segment circular arcs are established by using geometric analysis,the minimum clearance,the contact position,the maximum inter-axial inclination and the contact ratio between the internal and external tooth surfaces at different inclination angles are calculated. The meshing characteristics of four crowning curves are compared. The results show that when the mid-point curvature radius of each crowning curve change respectively in the range of 50 90 mm and 90 130 mm,the corresponding maximum allowable inter-axis angle decreases by 0. 2° and 0. 1° for every 20 mm increase of curvature radius,the three-section arc curve allows the largest inter-axial angle and the smallest axial displacement at the corresponding maximum allowable inter-axis angle. When the inter-axial angle is greater than 1. 3° and the curvature radius of the intermediate position is the same,the three-section arc corresponds to the tooth surface normal minimum clearance curve is obviously more gentle,meshing coincidence degree is higher.
摘要:In actual conditions,because of the deformation of the box,bearings,shafts and gears in a helicopter reducer,the existence of installation error,manufacturing error and random error,the influence of temperature and vibration,the spiral bevel gear produces misalignment,and they destroyed the ideal meshing condition. The misalignment causes the contact pattern to deviate from the ideal position,at the same time,the transmission error curve also changes,which result in the irregular running,vibration,shock of gear set.Therefore,according to the deviation of the contact pattern to identify the equivalent misalignment,feed it into the tooth surface design,this technology has important engineering significance for improving the meshing quality of gear pair under actual conditions.
摘要:The Longitudinal modification technology has been the most promising method to improve transmission performance and suppress vibration and noise. The mesh stiffness and longitudinal load distribution are primary parameters to evaluate the effect of modification. By using the finite element quasi-static analysis principle,the mesh stiffness and longitudinal load distribution of modification gears in the different modifications are calculated quantitatively according to the influence of installation errors. The effects of tooth profile correction amount and installation errors on mesh stiffness and longitudinal load distribution analysis are obtained. These analysis results show that the mesh stiffness is increased and the longitudinal load distribution caused by the shaft nonparallelsm is reduced. Meanwhile,at a given installation errors,there is the best range of the tooth profile correction amount,when deviating this range,the transmission performance goes worse.
关键词:Longitudinal modification;Finite element;Mesh stiffness;Longitudinal load distribution
摘要:For the practical engineering problems,the dynamic transmission error measurement of a two-stage cylindrical gear-bevel gear high-speed transmission system with a straight bevel gear pair and a zero degree spiral bevel gear pair is carried out based on the test method. The measured dynamic transmission error data are filtered,and the dynamic performance parameters of high speed bevel gear are obtained with filter analysis. The results show that: When using zero-degree spiral bevel gear,the low-frequency of its dynamic transmission error is much lower than that of the straight bevel gear. And with the use of zero degree spiral bevel gear,the amplitude of high-frequency of its dynamic transmission error is much larger than the amplitude of that of the straight bevel gear. The high frequency band determines the dynamic characteristics of the transmission system. Therefore,it can be concluded that when using zero degree spiral bevel gears,the dynamic performance of the system will be inferior to that of straight bevel gear.
摘要:In order to study the temperature characteristics of mechanical spindle,a mechanical spindle platform using oil-air lubrication is developed. The evaluation criterion of temperature characteristics is proposed. The experiments of influence of oil quantity per hour and air pressure on temperature rise and distribution are conducted. The results show that oil quantity per hour weights the most in temperature performance of mechanical spindle among all oil-air lubrication parameters while air pressure is second to it,the interaction between these two parameters hardly influences the temperature performance. The best oil quantity per hour is0. 1 m/h under 8 000 r/min. The increase or decrease of the best oil quantity per hour tends to lead to larger increase of temperature rise,the increase of air pressure in oil-air lubrication tends to lead to a lower temperature rise in mechanical spindle.
关键词:Oil-air lubrication;Mechanical spindle;Temperature characteristic;Experimental research
摘要:A novel fully-isotropic translational parallel robot is presented,which consists of a moving platform connecting with a fixed base by three identical limbs. Firstly,the analysis of kinematical problems of the robot are performed and the equations about position,velocity and acceleration are established. Then the friction forces/torques of the actuated prismatic pairs and the spherical joints are discussed based on the " Coulomb + Viscous" friction model. The dynamics models of the actuated pairs,the kinematical chains and the moving platform are set up respectively by using the Newton-Euler method. The mapping relationship between the driving force of the actuated pairs and the external force applied on the platform is explored. Finally,dynamics simulation of the parallel robot is completed based on ADAMS and MATLAB software and the driving force curves of the actuated joints are given. Simulation results show that the theoretical analysis is correct and effective. The proposed parallel mechanism has widely potential applications in end-effectors of the agricultural robots,industrial robots.
关键词:Parallel mechanism;Dynamics analysis;Friction/friction torque;Simulation and analysis
摘要:The gear rattle noise is analyzed from the perspective of energy fluctuation and a metric named"energy fluctuation metric"is proposed for the evaluation of gear rattle. A transmission system dynamics model is established with ADAMS software and "energy fluctuation metric"is used to analyze transmission gear rattle noise. The simulation analysis is compared with experiment test data and subject evaluation. In addition,the gear rattle threshold is determined. It is found that "energy fluctuation metric"has a good effect on evaluating gear rattle noise and it could be used to improve transmission performance.
摘要:The traditional modeling method of simulation and study of Automated Mechanical Transmission( AMT) powertrain for vehicle is using simulation platform to establish the mathematical model of AMT powertrain presently,but this method has a heavy workload. Directed at problems above,a method for building physical model of AMT powertrain based on Simscape presented. To verifying the accuracy of this model,the AMT shift control strategy based on engine speed coordination control is designed,and a simulation and experimental validation of this shift control strategy through the physical model is carried on. The results of simulation and experimental show that this physical model has a relative higher accuracy,simpler structure and better expansibility,it can improve the efficiency of the development of AMT control system.
关键词:AMT;Physical modeling;Shift control strategy;Engine speed coordination control
摘要:Based on the kinematics of cycloid steel ball planetary transmission,the contact state between the meshing pair and the speed reducer is determined. The mathematical model of the friction torque of the gear pair and the constant velocity pair is established. The friction torque is compared and analyzed. The influence of different parameters on the friction torque of the gear pair is studied,and the variation law of friction torque of the prototype under different axial force is tested. The results show that the meshing point of the gear pair has a macro sliding condition,and there is no sliding condition in the meshing point. The friction torque of the gear pair is much larger than that of the constant speed meshing pair. Therefore,the friction torque can be replaced by the friction torque of the gear pair. Influence of axial force and the radius of the friction torque is larger,and the load has little influence on the friction torque. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical results,which proves the correctness of the theoretical model.
摘要:In order to study the mechanism of fatigue failure of harmonic reducer flexspline,by using ANSYS n Code Design Life 15. 0 software,the fatigue analysis of flexspline is carried out based on the results of finite element analysis. Comparing the analysis results with the engineering fatigue damage of flexspline,it is found that tooth circle and the bottom of the flange are much easier for fatigue failure,a basis for the design of flexspline is provided.
摘要:Based on the structure and movement theory of automobile clutch,combined with a clutch structural parameters of a vehicle,a virtual prototype of clutch is built in ADAMS virtual environment platform,and the simulation analysis of the working process of the clutch is carried out,such as ride comfort,impact strength,friction work,etc. Some reference basis for clutch virtual prototype design,simulation and testing is provided.
摘要:By establishing the mechanical model,the analysis study on scraper chain tension variation is carried out,through the MATLAB software,the change rule of scraper chain tension under different working condition is simulated. Through finite element analysis software ANSYS Workbench,the finite element analysis of central trough of scraper chain sunroof open and close two states under load conditions is carried out,the stress concentration and the maximum displacement positions of the condition are determined,it is found that the strength of hanging ear plate is not enough,after the material replacement for Q690,the strength requirement is meet. According to the result of finite element analysis and statics analysis and calculation,by using n Code software,the fatigue strength analysis is carried out on the scraper chain,the life and injury cloud chart are obtained,it in line with the finite element analysis results and can satisfy the requirements of use.
关键词:Scraper chain;Finite element analysis;Fatigue strength
摘要:Based on the traditional planetary gear transmission technology,the double intermeshing planetary gear transmission is researched and analyzed. The double intermeshing planetary gear transmission has the advantages of compact structure,higher power density,few parts,simple installation condition,and high transmission efficiency. The speed relationship of each component and the force of each component are analyzed.According to the characteristics of the double intermeshing planetary gear transmission,the support structure of the plane is designed. Based on the conversion mechanism method,the transmission efficiency and basic meshing efficiency of the transmission are analyzed. The platform of transmission efficiency test is buit. The transmission efficiency is about 91%,and it is verified that the basic meshing efficiency is very high.
摘要:The backlash and stiffness are important parameters of vector rotate( RV) reducer,a backlash and stiffness measurement system is designed. The measuring method of the fixed output,loaded input and angle tested input is put forward. The relation between input and output torque and angle of the RV reducer is used to process the data. The RV-40 E-121 reducer is tested and the model of RV reducer stiffness curve fitting is proposed,the stiffness curve of RV-40 E reducer is obtained. The backlash and stiffness of the RV-40 E reducer meet the performance requirements,which indicated that the measurement system is reasonable.
摘要:According to the meaning and direction of automobile industry development,and the necessity of automobile electricization and the necessity of pure electric MPV( Muti-purpose Vehicle) are expounded.According to the actual situation of China current industrial manufacturing industry,the MPV transmission system equipped with two-speed reducer is selected as the research object. In turn,the following work of parameters matching simulation of the transmission system,selection of the key parts of the system,trial production of the prototype and the debugging and experimental research are carried out. Furthermore,the experimental results show that the key components of the transmission system based on the simulation matching can perfectly meet the advanced requirements.
关键词:Two-speed reducer;Pure electric MPV;Transmission system;Parameter matching
摘要:For the problems such as shallow storage depth,low utilization rate and large amount of labor force required for the existing facility agricultural cultivation frame,a kind of facility agriculture deep-position grabbing device is designed. Through the establishment of three-dimensional model,the feasibility of the program is preliminary determined. Based on the contact dynamics model and the nonlinear continuous collision theory,the calculation method of the collision force during the grasping process is proposed. The dynamics modeling of the impact force between the claw and the object is carried out and the parameters of the handling device are optimized by ADAMS simulation. Finally,the experimental platform is established,the experiments show that the grabbing device can carry the tissue culture baskets on the cultivating rack,and get the optimized movement rule.
关键词:Facility agriculture;Grabbing;Collision theory
摘要:A kind of automatic feeding actuator for rubber packing machine is designed to solve the problem of low feeding efficiency in the process of artificial packaging rubber piece. By using the common methods of mechanical design to devise the actuator,first of all,according to the process of rubber feeding,the overall design is determined. Then,the structure requirements is identified and the structure of the actuator that is composed of pushing device,clamping device and the device for rotating rubber pieces is determined. Among them,a clamping device composed of slider-crank mechanism and a turn-over device composed of sprocket chain structure and movable spline are able to clamp and flip the rubber piece in the process of feeding,and make the rubber piece can be smoothly transport to the designated location. The clamping device and flip device installed on a set of vertical layout push device that is composed of guide rail slider mechanism. The push device can make the rubber piece move to any point in the XOY plane. Next,the size of the key parts is determined and checked by the statics analysis method. Finally,the control scheme that the actuator controlled by the PLC,stepper motor and other electrical equipment to realize the continuous operation of the rubber piece in the feeding process is determined. The feeding efficiency of the actuator is two times that of the traditional manual feeding efficiency. The actuator can greatly improve the efficiency of rubber piece packing.
关键词:Rubber packing;Rubber drying;Automatic feeding;Stepper motor;Planar drive mechanism;PLC control
摘要:In view of the rapid development of logistics industry and the volume of the logistics are gradually increasing,a sealing machine which can automatically seal different boxes is designed. By analyzing the function of sealing machine,including position and sealer. Usually,these functions are separate and uncorrelated,and need different power. In order to contact them,a connecting rod slider mechanism that can contact them is designed. Through the closed vector method,the analysis of the kinematics is finished,the simulation of the motion process is fulfilled by using software MATLAB. The 3 D modeling of the mechanism is carried out by using Solid Works,and the assembly interference is checked. Through the analysis of its motion characteristics and mechanical mechanism,the design parameters of sealing machine are obtained,Using this mechanism,the sealing machine can reduce the number of power,which can simplify the overall structure of sealing machine,reduce manufacturing cost and save energy.
关键词:Sealing machine;Connecting rod mechanism;Matlab;Motion analysis
摘要:Aiming at a mechanical transmission,the simulation and modeling of the transmission is carried out based on Romax software,the relationship between transmission efficiency and gears,oil temperature,torque is obtained through simulating the real operating condition of transmission. Meanwhile,according to the transmission structure and test requirements,a test bench is designed,and the correlation test of the transmission is carried out and the results are collected. Under the same condition,the simulation results are consistent with the test data from the test bench and the correlation coefficient between these two is 0. 937 4,which shows a high-positive correlation. The transmission model established by Romax software can be reasonable and effective in place of test data,which provides theoretical foundation for the design and optimization of mechanical transmission.